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: You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. With the Plitvice Lakes incident of late March/early April 1991, the Croatian War of Independence broke out between the Croatian government and the rebel ethnic Serbs of the SAO Krajina (heavily backed by the by-now Serb-controlled Yugoslav People's Army). The KLA regrouped and rearmed during the cease-fire and renewed its attacks. Dizdarević then decided to attempt to bring calm to the situation himself by talking with the protesters, by making an impassioned speech for unity of Yugoslavia saying: Our fathers died to create Yugoslavia. Propaganda by Croatian and Serbian sides spread fear, claiming that the other side would engage in oppression against them and would exaggerate death tolls to increase support from their populations. In public, pro-state media in Serbia claimed to Bosnians that Bosnia and Herzegovina could be included a new voluntary union within a new Yugoslavia based on democratic government, but this was not taken seriously by Bosnia and Herzegovina's government.[57]. It was resolved with the intervention of NATO. Les Etats de l'ex-Yougoslavie en 1998 Bosnie - Croatie - Macédoine - Monténégro - Serbie - Slovénie : 1999. jeudi 1er janvier Un communiqué du ministère albanais des Affaires étrangères condamne la violence déployée par la police serbe au Kosovo contre les étudiants albanais de souche. The breakup of Yugoslavia occurred as a result of a series of political upheavals and conflicts during the early 1990s. Then puppet regimes will be set up throughout Yugoslavia. Of these, 94.17% (78.69% of the total voting population) voted "in favor" of the proposal, while 1.2% of those who voted were "opposed". On 1 March 1991, the Pakrac clash ensued, and the JNA was deployed to the scene. [5] These same historians also established the deaths of 192,000 to 207,000 ethnic Croats and 86,000 to 103,000 Muslims from all affiliations and causes throughout Yugoslavia. But, the US government, according to the New York Times, urged him to opt for a unitary, sovereign, independent state. Finally, the independence of Croatia was declared on 25 June 1991. Regular classes were canceled, and rallies and speeches dominated for 12 hours. Milošević contended that such criticism was unfounded and amounted to "spreading fear of Serbia". After a period of political and economic crisis in the 1980s, constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia split apart, but the unresolved issues caused bitter inter-ethnic Yugoslav wars. Tensions between Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo continued into the 21st century. This article is about the events entailing the 1991 and 1992 dissolution of the Yugoslav state. A school shooting in Jonesboro, Arkansas, kills five. Both Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence on 25 June 1991. This meant that the YPA would have to fire the first shot, which was fired on 27 June at 14:30 in Divača by an officer of the YPA.[48]. Initially the revolt became known as the "Log Revolution", as Serbs blockaded roadways to Knin with cut-down trees and prevented Croats from entering Knin or the Croatian coastal region of Dalmatia. With the exception of two U.S. pilots killed in a training mission in Albania, no NATO personnel lost their lives in the 78-day operation. Under the NATO occupation, Kosovar autonomy was restored, but the province remained officially part of Serbia. An estimated 11 million gallons of oil eventually spilled into the water. Learn … [37], Following the first multi-party election results, the republics of Slovenia, Croatia, and Macedonia proposed transforming Yugoslavia into a loose federation of six republics in the autumn of 1990, however Milošević rejected all such proposals, arguing that like Slovenes and Croats, the Serbs also had a right to self-determination. The provinces had a vote in the Yugoslav Presidency, which was not always cast in favor of SR Serbia. As a result of the conflict, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted UN Security Council Resolution 721 on 27 November 1991, which paved the way to the establishment of peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia. In June 1989, the 600th anniversary of Serbia's historic defeat at the field of Kosovo, Slobodan Milošević gave the Gazimestan speech to 200,000 Serbs, with a Serb nationalist theme which deliberately evoked medieval Serbian history. Milošević had been, up to this point, a hard-line communist who had decried all forms of nationalism as treachery, such as condemning the SANU Memorandum as "nothing else but the darkest nationalism". Milošević refused to agree to the plan, as he claimed that the European Community had no right to dissolve Yugoslavia and that the plan was not in the interests of Serbs as it would divide the Serb people into four republics (Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia). The angry crowd was opposed to fighting for the freedom of slaves, as Phillips advocated. [58] It was unclear what the two-thirds majority requirement actually meant and whether it was satisfied. In 1989 Ibrahim Rugova, leader of the ethnic Albanians in the Serbian province of Kosovo, initiated a policy of nonviolent protest against the abrogation of the province’s constitutional autonomy by Slobodan Milošević, then president of the Serbian republic. [8] Prior to 1991, Yugoslavia's armed forces were amongst the best-equipped in Europe.[9]. The proposal was rejected as the Bosnian delegate Bogić Bogićević voted against it, believing that there was still the possibility of diplomacy being able to solve the crisis. [6][7], Prior to its collapse, Yugoslavia was a regional industrial power and an economic success. [49] During these three months, the Yugoslav Army completed its pull-out from Slovenia. The Kosovo War started in 1996 and ended with the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia; Slobodan Milošević was overthrown in 2000. Get kids back-to-school ready with Expedition: Learn! However, on 17 February 2008, Kosovo declared independence from Serbia as the Republic of Kosovo. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) emerged in 1996, and its sporadic attacks on Serbian police and politicians steadily escalated over the next two years. Milošević's answer to the incompetence of the federal system was to centralise the government. in others it aided Serbs in their confrontation with the new Croatian army and police forces. An ethnic Albanian boy eating a meal at a refugee camp in Kukës, Albania, in 1999. On 9 March 1991, protests in Belgrade were suppressed with the help of the Army. He was replaced by the popularly elected Vojislav Kostunica, a moderate Serbian nationalist who promised to reintegrate Serbia into Europe and the world after a decade of isolation. The breakup of Yugoslavia occurred as a result of a series of political upheavals and conflicts during the early 1990s. Except for secret negotiations between foreign ministers Genscher (Germany) and Mock (Austria), the unilateral recognition came as an unwelcome surprise to most EU governments and the United States, with whom there was no prior consultation. Yugoslavia subsequently fell into heavy IMF debt due to the large number of International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans taken out by the regime. The government of Serbia endorsed the rebellion of the Croatian Serbs, claiming that for Serbs, rule under Tuđman's government would be equivalent to the World War II era fascist Independent State of Croatia (NDH), which committed genocide against Serbs. The most serious threat to both the internal stability and the international rehabilitation of Serbia during the late 1990s was the deteriorating situation in the province of Kosovo. Wingate, a graduate of the Royal Military Academy, was a famous eccentric who both quoted the Bible and advocated irregular warfare tactics. In June NATO and Yugoslavia signed a peace accord outlining troop withdrawal and the return of nearly one million ethnic Albanians as well as another 500,000 displaced within the province. The most controversial incident was the May 7 bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, which killed three Chinese journalists and caused a diplomatic crisis in U.S.-Chinese relations. On March 24, 2015, the co-pilot of a German airliner deliberately flies the plane into the French Alps, killing himself and the other 149 people onboard. From 1991 to 1992, the situation in the multiethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina grew tense. The Serbian referendum on remaining in Yugoslavia and the creation of SARs were proclaimed unconstitutional by the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Death of Yugoslavia. In Yugoslavia, the national communist party, officially called the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, had lost its ideological potency.[14]. Lucid, a biochemist, shared Mir with Russian cosmonauts Yuri ...read more, After 44 years of rule, Queen Elizabeth I of England dies, and King James VI of Scotland ascends to the throne, uniting England and Scotland under a single British monarch. The official Yugoslav post-war estimate of victims in Yugoslavia during World War II was 1,704,000. However, the over-expansion of the economy caused inflation and pushed Yugoslavia into economic recession. Under Austria-Hungary, both Slovenes and Croats enjoyed autonomy with free hands only in education, law, religion, and 45% of taxes. Media in SR Slovenia published articles comparing Milošević to Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. Along with external pressure, this caused the adoption of multi-party systems in all the republics. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license. Williams had been an award-winning playwright since 1945, when his first hit play, The Glass Menagerie, opened, winning the ...read more, Mitchell Johnson, 13, and Andrew Golden, 11, shoot their classmates and teachers in Jonesboro, Arkansas on March 24, 1998. 1995. In an effort to ensure his legacy, Tito's 1974 constitution established a system of year-long presidencies, on a rotation basis out of the eight leaders of the republics and autonomous provinces. The 1974 constitution was an attempt to short-circuit this pattern by entrenching the federal model and formalising national rights. On June 10, the NATO bombardment ended when Serbia agreed to a peace agreement calling for the withdrawal of Serb forces from Kosovo and their replacement by NATO peacekeeping troops. The Quartering Act of 1765 required the colonies to house British soldiers in barracks provided by the ...read more, Maj. Gen. Orde Wingate, leader of the 77th Indian Brigade, also called the Chindits, dies in a transport plane crash. ...read more, On March 24, 1918, German forces cross the Somme River, achieving their first goal of the major spring offensive begun three days earlier on the Western Front. The League of Communists of Yugoslavia dissolved in January 1990 along federal lines. [51], UN investigations found that no such forces were in Dubrovnik at the time. Up until that time, a number of political decisions were legislated from within these provinces, and they had a vote on the Yugoslav federal presidency level (six members from the republics and two members from the autonomous provinces). By taking control of the borders, the Slovenians were able to establish defensive positions against an expected YPA attack. The very instrument that reduced Serbian influence before was now used to increase it: in the eight member Presidency, Milošević could count on a minimum of four votes – SR Montenegro (following local events), his own through SR Serbia, and now SAP Vojvodina and SAP Kosovo as well. After a string of inter-ethnic incidents, the Yugoslav Wars ensued, first in Croatia and then, most severely, in multi-ethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina. [10] There were also places that saw no economic benefit from being in Yugoslavia; for example, the autonomous province of Kosovo was poorly developed, and per capita GDP fell from 47 percent of the Yugoslav average in the immediate post-war period to 27 percent by the 1980s. The extent of Vatican and Federal Intelligence Agency of Germany (BND) intervention in this episode has been explored by scholars familiar with the details, but the historical record remains disputed. In the meantime, behind the scenes, negotiations began between Milošević and Tuđman to divide Bosnia and Herzegovina into Serb and Croat administered territories to attempt to avert war between Bosnian Croats and Serbs. The Yugoslav army and Serbian paramilitaries devastated the town in urban warfare and the destruction of Croatian property. [23], The relaxation of tensions with the Soviet Union after Mikhail Gorbachev became leader in 1985 meant that western nations were no longer willing to be generous with restructuring Yugoslavia's debts, as the example of a communist country outside of the Soviet bloc was no longer needed by the West as a way of destabilising the Soviet bloc. The external status quo, which the Communist Party had depended upon to remain viable, was thus beginning to disappear. The group, which had been founded in the early 1990s, began to actively engage in coordinated attacks in 1996, targeting several Serbian police stations and wounding many officers during that year…, …police forces began attacks in Kosovo on alleged strongholds of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), an ethnically Albanian guerrilla movement fighting to end Serbian control of the province. Croatian Serbs in Knin, under the leadership of local police inspector Milan Martić, began to try to gain access to weapons so that the Croatian Serbs could mount a successful revolt against the Croatian government. In some places, the Yugoslav Army acted as a buffer zone,[where?] Between the two major communities, the Serbs and the Croats, Davidson argues, "the term 'ethnic cleansing' can have no sense at all". The policy dictated that one-third of the Serbian minority were to be killed, one-third expelled, and one-third converted to Catholicism and assimilated as Croats. As a result, the Croatian delegation, led by Chairman Ivica Račan, and Slovene delegation left the Congress on 23 January 1990, effectively dissolving the all-Yugoslav party. Milošević was met with opposition by party leaders of the western republics of Slovenia and Croatia, who also advocated greater democratisation of the country in line with the Revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe. [4] It was in this environment of oppression that the radical insurgent group (later fascist dictatorship), the Ustaše were formed. Real earnings in Yugoslavia fell by 25% from 1979 to 1985. Meanwhile, Serbian nationalism led to the dissolution of the Yugoslav federation in 1991, and in 1992 the Balkan crisis deteriorated into civil war. However, the blockade was damaging to Croatian tourism. In response, Yugoslav and Serbian forces drove out all of Kosovo’s ethnic Albanians, displacing hundreds of thousands of people into Albania, Macedonia (now North Macedonia), and Montenegro. The Yugoslav model of state organisation, as well as a "middle way" between planned and liberal economy, had been a relative success, and the country experienced a period of strong economic growth and relative political stability up to the 1980s, under dictatorial rule of Josip Broz Tito. The Army subsequently wanted to indict Špegelj for treason and illegal importation of arms, mainly from Hungary. Another concern was the unemployment rate, at 1 million by 1980. This article was most recently revised and updated by, North Atlantic Treaty Organization - NATO's Role in Relation to the Conflict in Kosovo, Federation of American Scientists - Kosovo: Historical Background to the Current Conflict. A new Yugoslav state, consisting only of Serbia and the small state of Montenegro, was created, and Kosovo began four years of nonviolent resistance to Serbian rule. Yougoslavie aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1994: Yougoslavie aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2002: La République fédérale de Yougoslavie participe aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1998, organisés à Nagano au Japon. From 1960 to 1980, annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaged 6.1 percent, medical care was free, literacy was 91 percent, and life expectancy was 72 years. On 27 February, SR Slovene representative in the collective presidency of Yugoslavia, Milan Kučan, opposed the demands of the Serbs and left Belgrade for SR Slovenia where he attended a meeting in the Cankar Hall in Ljubljana, co-organized with the democratic opposition forces, publicly endorsing the efforts of Albanian protesters who demanded that Vllasi be released. There was no fighting, as yet, and both sides appeared to have an unofficial policy of not being the first to open fire. After the Allied victory in World War II, Yugoslavia was set up as a federation of six republics, with borders drawn along ethnic and historical lines: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. [clarification needed], In the 1990 Slovenian independence referendum, held on 23 December 1990, a vast majority of residents voted for independence:[42] 88.5% of all electors (94.8% of those participating) voted for independence, which was declared on 25 June 1991.[43][44]. The Axis powers installed the Ustaše as the leaders of the Independent State of Croatia. When Milošević arrived, he spoke to the protesters and jubilantly told them that the people of Serbia were winning their fight against the old party bureaucrats. Kosovo had been administered by the UN since the Kosovo War while nominally remaining part of Serbia. [17], As President, Tito's policy was to push for rapid economic growth, and growth was indeed high in the 1970s. Yugoslav army chief Veljko Kadijević declared that there was a conspiracy to destroy the country, saying: An insidious plan has been drawn up to destroy Yugoslavia. Stage one is civil war. Jović and Kadijević then called upon the delegates of each republic to vote on whether to allow martial law, and warned them that Yugoslavia would likely fall apart if martial law was not introduced. [41] Mesić was only seated in October 1990 because of protests from the Serbian side, and then joined Macedonia's Vasil Tupurkovski, Slovenia's Janez Drnovšek and Bosnia and Herzegovina's Bogić Bogićević in opposing the demands to proclaim a general state of emergency, which would have allowed the Yugoslav People's Army to impose martial law. The pilots claimed they were bringing "equipment" to Knin, but the federal Yugoslav air force intervened and sent fighter jets to intercept them and demanded that the helicopters return to their base or they would be fired upon, in which the Croatian forces obliged and returned to their base in Zagreb. 1998. Then a shout to be from the crowd yelled "arrest Vllasi'". [66], Some observers opined that the break up of the Yugoslav state violated the principles of post-Cold War system, enshrined in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE/OSCE) and the Treaty of Paris of 1990. This problem was compounded by the general "unproductiveness of the South", which not only added to Yugoslavia's economic woes, but also irritated Slovenia and Croatia further. At the meeting, army official Petar Gračanin told the Croatian Serb politicians how to organize their rebellion, telling them to put up barricades, as well as assemble weapons of any sort, saying "If you can't get anything else, use hunting rifles". National Security Decision Directive 133. [32] Milošević's state-run media claimed in response that Milan Kučan, head of the League of Communists of Slovenia, was endorsing Kosovo and Slovene separatism. The crisis that emerged in Yugoslavia was connected with the weakening of the Communist states in Eastern Europe towards the end of the Cold War, leading to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The war in the western parts of former Yugoslavia ended in 1995 with US-sponsored peace talks in Dayton, Ohio, which resulted in the Dayton Agreement. However, Belgrade's authorities neither intervened to prevent Macedonia's departure, nor protested nor acted against the arrival of the UN troops, indicating that once Belgrade was to form its new country (the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in April 1992), it would recognise the Republic of Macedonia and develop diplomatic relations with it. The referendum was declared contrary to the Bosnian and federal constitution by the federal Constitution Court and the newly established Bosnian Serb government, and it was largely boycotted by the Bosnian Serbs. Most of the Congress was spent with the Serbian and Slovene delegations arguing over the future of the League of Communists and Yugoslavia. Tensions between the Croats and Serbs often erupted into open conflict, with the Serb-dominated security structure exercising oppression during elections and the assassination in national parliament of Croat political leaders, including Stjepan Radić, who opposed the Serbian monarch's absolutism. Croatian delegate Stjepan Mesić responded angrily to the proposal, accusing Jović and Kadijević of attempting to use the army to create a Greater Serbia and declared "That means war!". Cet article relate le parcours de l’équipe de RF Yougoslavie de football lors de la Coupe du monde de football de 1998 organisée en France du 10 juin au 12 juillet 1998.C'est la neuvième participation du pays dans la compétition, la première sous le nom de RF Yougoslavie. [23] Increasingly, demands were voiced in Serbia for more centralisation in order to force Croatia and Slovenia to pay more into the federal budget, demands that were completely rejected in the "have" republics. [61], In Bosnia and Herzegovina, NATO used its military means to significantly help Bošnjaci (Muslims) and Croats with forcing Serbs to sign the peace agreement in Dayton, Ohio (November 1995). Fundamental to the tensions were the different concepts of the new state. [65], In 1999 Social Democratic Party of Germany in his May Day speech leader Oskar Lafontaine criticised the role played by Germany in the break up of Yugoslavia, with its early recognition of the independence of the republics. Davidson agrees with Susan Woodward, an expert on Balkan affairs, who found the "motivating causes of the disintegration in economic circumstance and its ferocious pressures". Both stipulated that inter-state borders in Europe should not be changed. Don't think that you won't take Bosnia and Herzegovina into hell, and the Muslim people maybe into extinction. Two days later, the Serbian army launched a new offensive in Kosovo. Slobodan Milosevic was ousted from power by a popular revolution in Belgrade in October 2000. The discovery of Croatian arms smuggling combined with the crisis in Knin, the election of independence-leaning governments in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, and Slovenia, and Slovenes demanding independence in the referendum on the issue suggested that Yugoslavia faced the imminent threat of disintegration. [45] This effectively deadlocked the Presidency, because Milošević's Serbian faction had secured four out of eight federal presidency votes, and it was able to block any unfavorable decisions at the federal level, in turn causing objections from other republics and calls for reform of the Yugoslav Federation.[37][46][47]. After his death in 1980, the weakened system of federal government was left unable to cope with rising economic and political challenges. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/nato-bombs-yugoslavia. [citation needed], A decade of frugality resulted in growing frustration and resentment against both the Serbian "ruling class", and the minorities who were seen to benefit from government legislation. [21] The rampant corruption in Yugoslavia, of which the "Agrokomerc affair" was merely the most dramatic example, did much to discredit the Communist system, as it was revealed that the elites were living luxurious lifestyles well beyond the means of ordinary people with money stolen from the public purse, in a time of austerity. With the 1974 Constitution, the office of President of Yugoslavia was replaced with the Yugoslav Presidency, an eight-member collective head-of-state composed of representatives from six republics and, controversially, two autonomous provinces of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, SAP Kosovo and SAP Vojvodina. Macedonia was admitted as a member state of the United Nations on 8 April 1993;[65] its membership approval took longer than the others due to Greek objections. The individual republics organized multi-party elections in 1990, and the former communists mostly failed to win re-election, while most of the elected governments took on nationalist platforms, promising to protect their separate nationalist interests. Albanian protesters demanded that Vllasi be returned to office, and Vllasi's support for the demonstrations caused Milošević and his allies to respond stating this was a "counter-revolution against Serbia and Yugoslavia", and demanded that the federal Yugoslav government put down the striking Albanians by force. Before World War II, major tensions arose from the first, monarchist Yugoslavia's multi-ethnic make-up and relative political and demographic domination of the Serbs. The Yugoslav presidential crisis reached an impasse when Kosovo's Riza Sapunxhiu 'defected' his faction in the second vote on martial law in March 1991. The other significant Serb-dominated entities in eastern Croatia announced that they too would join SAO Krajina. In February 1989 ethnic Albanian Azem Vllasi, SAP Kosovo's representative on the Presidency, was forced to resign and was replaced by an ally of Milošević. The phrasing of the question did not explicitly inquire as to whether one was in favor of secession or not. Since the late 1970s a widening gap of economic resources between the developed and underdeveloped regions of Yugoslavia severely deteriorated the federation's unity. This question was important for claims on SFRY's international assets, including embassies in many countries. As a condition of receiving loans, the IMF demanded the "market liberalisation" of Yugoslavia. Croatian Serbs were wary of Tuđman's nationalist government, and in 1990 Serb nationalists in the southern Croatian town of Knin organized and formed a separatist entity known as the SAO Krajina, which demanded to remain in union with the rest of the Serb population if Croatia decided to secede. ", In March 1992, during the US-Bosnian independence campaign, the politician and future president of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija Izetbegović reached an EC brokered agreement with Bosnian Croats and Serbs on a three-canton confederal settlement. Economic growth was curbed due to Western trade barriers combined with the 1973 oil crisis. The Croats and Slovenes envisaged a federal model where they would enjoy greater autonomy than they had as a separate crown land under Austria-Hungary. In 1986, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU) contributed significantly to the rise of nationalist sentiments, as it drafted the controversial SANU Memorandum protesting against the weakening of the Serbian central government. Operation Michael, engineered by the German chief of the general staff, Erich von Ludendorff, aimed to decisively break ...read more, The North Vietnamese “Ho Chi Minh Campaign” begins. By the time Serbia regained control of Kosovo from Turkey in 1913, there were few Serbs left in a region that had come to be dominated by ethnic Albanians. Woodward, Susan, L. Balkan Tragedy: Chaos & Dissolution after the Cold War, the Brookings Institution Press, Virginia, USA, 1995, p.200, Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia, 8th Session of the League of Communists of Serbia, 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, Croatian independence referendum held on 2 May 1991, SAO of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Srijem, Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, "Decades later, Bosnia still struggling with the aftermath of war", "Constitution of Union between Croatia-Slavonia and Hungary", Appeal to the international league of human rights, Jasenovac concentration camp [https://web.archive.org/web/20090916030858/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005449 Archived, "Serbian Nationalism and the Origins of the Yugoslav Crisis", "Yugoslav republic jealously guards its gains", "YUGOSLAVIA: KEY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON THE DEBT CRISIS", "Austerity and Unrest on Rise in Eastern Block", "Yugoslav Police Fight Off A Siege In Provincial City", "Leaders of a Republic In Yugoslavia Resign", Demographics of Kosovo#1968-1989: Autonomy, "A Country Study: Yugoslavia (Former): Political Innovation and the 1974 Constitution (chapter 4)", "Historical Circumstances in Which "The Rally of Truth" in Ljubljana Was Prevented", "Stjepan Mesić, svjedok kraja (I) – Ja sam inicirao sastanak na kojem je podijeljena Bosna", "Stanovništvo prema nacionalnoj pripadnosti i površina naselja, popis 1991. za Hrvatsku", "Svjedoci raspada – Stipe Šuvar: Moji obračuni s njima", "Some legal (and political) considerations about the legal framework for referendum in Montenegro, in the light of European experiences and standards", "THE PROSECUTOR OF THE TRIBUNAL AGAINST SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC", Karadzic and Mladic: The Worlds Most Wanted Men – FOCUS Information Agency, The Referendum on Independence in Bosnia-Herzegovina: February 29-March 1, 1992, "Leaders propose dividing Bosnia into three areas", Video on the Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia, Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, Orders, decorations, and medals of SFR Yugoslavia, 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies, Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria, Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia, SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia, UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium, Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breakup_of_Yugoslavia&oldid=977703459, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2013, Articles with disputed statements from February 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2012, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from January 2013, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.

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