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A Mahabharata Planetarium Project has been proposed by Dr. S. Kalyanaraman. All these point but to one conclusion, namely, that the war, which lasted for eighteen consecutive days, concluded on the fifty-first night before the winter solstice. Different sections of the poem express varying beliefs, often in creative tension. 0000007629 00000 n Further they can be umbral and or penumbral. Then there were 9 brothers who reigned for 22 years. As a matter of fact, Dr. G. Thibaut gives this very Nakshatra for the last Amavasya but two of the third year of a five-year cycle, which particular new moon our Amavasya actually is. 1860, repr. On the next day after the close of war, Sri Krishna and the Pandavas paid a visit to the dying Bhishma, whom Sri Krishna addressed in the following words: “Fifty-six days more, 0 Kuru Warrior, art thou going to live” (Stri Parva XXVII; Shanti ParvaXLI, XLV and LII). Lunar eclipses can occur only at full moon, and can be either total or partial. After enquiring into the date of Garga and of the Yavana invasion he spoke of, we noted that he fixed “the end of the Yuga” for the retirement of the Greeks from Hindustan. To summarize the arguments above set forth: We were first enabled by the Vedanga Jyotisha to place the beginning the Kali era approximately at about 1173 B.C. If the emendation proves to be correct we have here another testimony to the correctness of our conclusion that the war began in Chitra Nakshatra. 2500 BCE) and River Sutlej migrated westward circa 3500 years Before Present (i.e. The author seems first to have had in mind that the Kali began 15 years after the war and that 1000 year elapsed from the beginning of the Kali era to the accession of Nanda, and then to havae deduced therefrom the proposition that the Saptarshis which were in Magha at the time of the war had moved on to Purvashada at the coronation of Mahapadma Nanda. Maximum eclipse time gap (end of one eclipse and beginning of next eclipse for naked eye observers) was found to be about 379 hours while the minimum was about 332 hours. As Abhimanyu lived 1268 years after Pandava Yudhishthira, Kalhana placed him in 2448-1268 = 1180 B.C. These are validated against databases from US Naval Observatory's Interactive computer Ephemeris, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. Unwilling to deny Devavrat his rights, Shantanu declined to do s… Do you have a spiritual question on Hinduism? The table below shows six pairs of eclipses, which can be analyzed further to determine whether Mahabharata war and events could occur then. Because of a corrector knowledge of Brihaspati’s motions, Northern India has been expunging 1 year of the cycle in every 85-and-65/211 years so that after one such period the name of the next year is left out and the name of the one following the next year is taken to be the next year’s name. The Kali calendar has a beginning of 3102 BC, therefore Her research and teaching interests revolve around two... Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. From these references also it is clear that the war continued for eighteen consecutive days. Mahabharata According to the Vishnu Purana – which is mostly agreed to by the other Puranas – the 9 Nandas reigned for 100 years; the 10 Saisunagas of the next previous dynasty for 362 years; the 5 kings of the still previous Pradyota dynasty for 138 years succeeding the famous Barhadratha dynasty whose 22 kings sat on the throne since the date of the war. The light/day transition is clearly shown in all the eclipse, which would form the only method of determining that the eclipses occurred in less than fourteen days, which has to be called thirteen-day eclipses. While we are not competent to say what is probable or possible in the…. The epic states that draught like conditions existed. The chief signals for the beginning and the end of the year were the full-moon at the U. Phalguni_ and that at the Purva Phalguni_ respectively; from which the intercalary month were detected." 0000009101 00000 n Astronomical calculations have been greatly improved since past 30 years, particularly with considerable amount of trajectory work conducted in Moon and other scientific projects. The work of the National Water Development Agency, Min. The Ashramavasika Parva states that when 15 years had expired after the war, Dhritarashtra, Gandhari and Kunti left for the forest. Fourteenth day, Fifteenth day and in past sixteenth day, but I have never known the Amavasya (New Moon day) to occur on the thirteenth day. Year BC Eclipse Julian day Initial con Max End Sunrise Sunset end/start date, Location of Kurukshethra 76 deg 49 min East, 29 deg 59 min North. Amongst these, nearly 32 pairs would be occurring for period less than 14 days. 0000006168 00000 n In other words, the Mahabharata war took place a little before the seventeenth winter solstice preceding the commencement of the Kaliyuga or towards the end of1194 B.C. This display will be done together with the demonstration of actual positions of the planets, Haley’s comet, lunar-solar eclipses and the corresponding dates of the Gregorian calendar and Kaliyuga_bda. Her father refused to let her marry the king unless the king promised that Satyavati's son and descendants would inherit the throne. Now, Parikshit was in the womb during the war (Sauptika Parva), hence he could not have been an infant in the 16th year after the war. With the dams on Sutlej (Bhakra and Nangal) and on Beas (Pong) providing the waters at the Harike reservoir, a Rajasthan Canal (also called Sarasvati Mahanadi Roopa Nahar) has transformed the desert areas into fertile lands over a stretch of 650 kms. The latter portion may well be a later addition because Kalhana himself says it is “thought” that the 52 kings down to Abhimanyu reigned in all “for 1266 years” (verse 54, Taranga I-obviously an error for 1268 years). Possibly the supposed religious efficacy rests on the memory of the day of the royal sage’s death. Several years later, when Devavrat had grown up to be an accomplished prince, Shantanu fell in love with Satyavati. It describes a period of draught, with many planetary positions. Coins show that Kanishka reigned down to 40 A.D. Irrespective of whether the era of Salivahana dates from Kanishka, clearly Abhimanyu must have been reigning about the commencement of this era in 78 A.D. On the other hand, Jyotirvidabharana, an astronomical work attributed to Kalidasa, but which scholars place in the 16th century A.D., states that in the Kaliyuga six different eras will flourish one after another: the Yudhishthira to last 3044 years from the beginning of Kali; the Vikrama to last for 135 years afterwards; the Salivahana for 1800 years thereafter; and the Vijaya, Nagarjuna and Bali ears to be current in the rest of the Kaliyuga. I have been lying on my bed here for eight and fifty nights” (ibid. Any observer on dark face of earth can see when lunar eclipse when it occurs. 1194-3 B.C. Balarama's pilgrimage starts on a particular tithi and nakshatra and ends after 42 days on a particular tithi and nakshatra. In the Rajatarangini the total for the reigns from the end of Andha Yudhishthira-the last of Gonanda III’s dynasty-to Kalhana’s own time is 1329 years, 3 months, 28 days, say roughly 1330 years. 0000008367 00000 n It states facts, however improbable it might seem to us. XIX,3), mukham va_ etat samvatr.sarasva yatr. In the epic, Veda Vyasa himself says that day in and day out he is watching the planetary positions on the skies. description that Sri Krishna passed away in 3102 BCJ, which is 27 years after the war. Thus we may infer that the winter solstice following the Mahabharata war, and just preceding Bhishma’s death, was the fourth of the five winter solstices of a five-year cycle. In modern day definition, the period from sunrise to next sunrise is never 24 hours except on equinox day. Surya Siddhanta [Ref 2], a document evolved from roughly same period, states that sun was 54 degrees away from vernal equinox when Kaliyuga started on a new moon day, corresponding to February 17/18, … Obviously the end of lunar and start of solar eclipses were less than 14 days period, or occurred in 13 days. Aiyer concluded that the Kaliyuga began with the winter solstice immediately preceding the commencement of the Kollam Andu, or at the end of 1177 B.C. Created by Siddharth Kumar Tewary. A little before Sri Krishna’s departure from Hastinapura, he proposed to Karna, “In seven days will there be new moon; let the war be begun on that day which, they say, is presided over by Indra.” As the commentator says, “Sakradevatam” denotes the Jyeshtha Nakshatra, which is presided over by Indra. In England, from the Norman invasion to the 20th century, 35 monarchs had ruled for 835 years, the average being about 23 years. Akhila Bharateeya Itihaasa Sankalana Yojana has published a reference work by Shriram Sathe as a compendium of astronomical references in the Mahabharata. Surya Siddhanta: Translation of an Ancient Indian Astronomical Text. What does “Sakakala” really mean? A further demonstration of the planetarium with reference to these selected inscriptions on the sky can be made by using the Birla Planetarium facilities and the guidance of astronomers in the Planetarium and Dr. Ramasubramanian. As a matter of fact, this very number of days (ibid. It has been proved that Garga, the author of the shloka, lived about 165 B.C. Mahabharata Drona Parva also refers to Jayadhratha's killing during a dark episode on 13th day of the war, which some consider as another short solar eclipse. Of these nearly 673 solar and lunar eclipses occurred in pairs of time gap of about nominal 15 days corresponding to roughly half lunar month. The most emphatic evidence that Sarasvati is not a myth but ground-truth came from archaeology of the last 50 years. What I mean is that the Hittites ( Kurus )and Egyptians left the Middle East with the fall of Egypt and the accession of the terrorist Sargon the second to Middle Eastern power, and brought their ancient history with them.. Let me clarify: Science and Religion are two things. Though the Pandavas desired to pass the period of mourning which extended for a month outside Hastinapura vide Shanti Parva I.2, their intention seems not to have been carried out) until they set out on their last visit to Bhishma on the day of the winter solstice. X, No.3, 1934). The S'atapatha Brahmana says that 'some want to have a few nights more; if they want some more then they should begin the sacrifices on the night on which the moon becomes first visible before the full moon at the Phalgunis.' During period 3500BC to 700 BC, nearly 4350 lunar eclipses have probably occurred. Although it is unlikely that any single person wrote the poem, its authorship is traditionally ascribed to the sage Vyasa, who appears in the work as the grandfather of the Kauravas and the Pandavas. Obviously the end of lunar and start of solar eclipses were less than 14 days period, or occurred in 13 days. Dating the Mahabharata war and start of Kaliyuga has been elusive and going on for many centuries. This date of Mahabharata War is crucial in determing the chronologies in the ancient history of Bharat since many epigraphs and inscriptions with a historical import, refer to time-reckoning based on the starting date of Kaliyuga which is close to the date of the Mahabharata War. II,6.4 Br. It appears to me that all these preliminary arrangements were gone through during the interval of the five days between Pushya and Chitra, in which Nakshatra the fighting actually began. As Brihaspati makes a complete circuit of the heavens in about 12 years, all the 3 heavenly bodies were expected to return to the same celestial region on the expiry of every 60 years. All such observations are found by Dr. Narahari Achar to be consistent with only one date: about 3000 BCE, i.e. Varahamihira's Brihat Samhita- M Ramakrishna Bhat, Motilal Banarasidas Publications, 1981, John Smith web page - Mahabharata Text checked by Bhandarakar Oriental Research Institute, Eric Weisstien, World Of Astronomy web page. We have seen that the solstice took place then on the fifth lunar day after new moon in the month of Magha. He has reviewed over 150 years of scholarly works related to dating Mahabharata with particular reference to over 70 astronomical references contained in the Mahabharata itself. We also found that the first year of the Brihaspati cycle of 60 years actually corresponds, as might naturally be expected, to the date of the war as given by Garga, i.e. II Kanda, Ch. It is generally accepted that Meluhha referred to the Sarasvati-Riverine-Maritime civilization area. The epic would have us believe that during the first half of the night a tremendous battle raged in total darkness resulting in the death of Ghatotkacha, that both the armies therefore lay down to sleep for some time, and that on the rise of the moon at about three o’clock in the morning, both the sides recommenced their fighting. Mahabharata War took place towards the close of the Dwapara Yuga. Any observer on dark face of earth can see when lunar eclipse when it occurs. From a shloka of Garga quoted in the Brihatsamhita, we inferred that the war occurred in1194-3 B.C. Fourthly, Balarama's pilgrimage along the banks of River Sarasvati as described in 200 shlokas of Salya Parva of the Mahabharata was a historic event and provides a geographical account of northern Bharat. 0000001908 00000 n Out of over 2,600 archaeological sites of the so-called Indus Valley Civilization, as many as 2,000 (i.e 80%) of the site are found on the banks of the River Sarasvati which flowed 300 kms. In Chapter XIII of the Brihatsamhita, Varahamihira, born in 505 A.D., deals with the Saptarshi cycles and quotes Vriddha Garga: “When king Yudhishthira ruled the earth, the seven seers were in Magha; the Saka era is 2526 years after the commencement of his reign.” The translator, Dr. Hultzsch (Indian Antiquary VIII, p.66) comments, “The coronation of Yudhishthira took place 2526 years before the commencement of the Saka era, or at the expiration of the Kaliyuga-Samvat 653 and in B.C. This conflicts directly with the natural inferences we have drawn from the other statements,namely, that the winter solstice occurred on Magha Sukla Panchami fifty days after the close of the war, that the war lasted for eighteen consecutive days, that the Amavasya which occurred on the fifth day of the war took place in Jyeshtha Nakshatra, and that Sri Krishna left for Hastinapura on his errand of peace on Revati Nakshatra of Kartica month and returned to Upaplavya on the next following Pushya. If so, the genuineness of an interval of a round period of 1000 years between the beginning of the Kali and the coronation of Nanda is suspect. Therefore, it is not possible to concur with Kalhana and Dr. Hultzsch in placing the beginning of the Yudhishthira era “at the expiration of the Kaliyuga-samvat 653 and in B.C. The following pages describe some details of the path-breaking colloquium held in Bangalore on 5th and 6th January 2003: Historicity of Mahabharata (An analysis of Dr. BN Narahari Achar's presentation by Dr. S. Kalyanaraman), Overview of the International Colloquium (together with links to papers presented). (pancas'a_radauyo va_ eva yajn~a iti: TBr. had existed from a very long time. The enmity and jealousy that develops between the cousins forces the Pandavas to leave the kingdom when their father dies. It is proposed to transport this presentation onto Planetaria in many cities of the country and abroad; the presentation will show Veda Vyasa's text juxtaposed to the celestial inscriptions. After telling Yudhishthira that the winter solstice had set in, Bhishma said, “Yudhishthira, the lunar month of Magha has come. During period 3500BC to 700 BC, nearly 4350 lunar eclipses have probably occurred. In a paper presented at the international colloquium held in Bangalore on Jan. 5 and 6, 2003 and organized by Akhila Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Yojana, Mythic Society and Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts Southern Chapter, Dr. Achar conclusively proves that the observed celestial events on the sky, observed by Veda Vyasa were based on a variety of observations: 1. Therefore, the era of Buddha’s Nirvana, which was in current use in the time of Garga, might have been probably referred to by him. A curse prevents Pandu from fathering children, however, and his wife Kunti asks the gods to father children in Pandu’s name. Annals of BORI, LXXXIV, (2003), pp 13-22). Lunar eclipse occurs when Earth's shadow falls on the Moon. We have the selected inscriptions on the sky as demonstrated by Prof. Srinivasa Raghavan (using Vedanga Jyotisha computations). 8 kings ruled Prussia from Ivan III at 23 years. The causes for the desiccation of this great river has also been established as due to plate tectonics and consequent river migrations over a period of 1000 years between 4500 to 3500 years Before Present. 0000003945 00000 n 11). Thus, the war must have happened about 814+64 = 878 years before Chandragupta, at 878+315 = 1193 B.C. It would be more consistent if Parikshit was about 16 when he was crowned, and the war took place 16 years before the beginning of the Kaliyuga. The particular five-year cycle in which the Mahabharata war took place appears to have been the fourth cycle previous to the beginning of the Kaliyuga in 1177 inasmuch as we have found that the Rajatarangini points to1190 B.C., and that all other lines of discussion lead to 1194-3 B.C. On all other days, the time will be either less than 24 hours (when day light time is shrinking) and more than 24 hours (when day light time is increasing). The civilization which was nurtured on the banks of the river constituted the substratum of the Sarasvati-Sindhu (earlier called Indus Valley) Civilization dated to between circa 5500 to 3500 years Before Present. There are many statements in the epic which conflict with one another, a circumstance which can be accounted for only on this historic basis. Receive our daily email newsletter on Hinduism, Yoga, Meditation, Ayurveda and Natural Healing. Manasyu, also described as the Royal Eye of Gupta. Most of these belong to the war portion of the Mahabharata, which, according to Weber, is recognizable as the original basis of the epic. This date is further confirmed by the application of the principles of the Vedanga Jyotisha to certain statements contained in the Mahabharata itself. The period during which the epic took shape was one of transition from Vedic sacrifice to sectarian Hinduism, as well as a time of interaction—sometimes friendly, sometimes hostile—with Buddhism and Jainism. If so, Yudhishthira, who lived 1268 years earlier, must have begun to reign about 1268-78 = 1190 B.C. His recording of over 70 such planetary events are almost like a record of celestial inscriptions within the text. of Physics, University of Memphis, USA), The Date of Mahabharatha War based on simulation using Planetarium Software, Dr. S. Kalyanaraman (Sarasvati Nadi Shodh Prakalp, Chennai), Date of Mahabharatha War with reference to Bhishmashtami, The Date of Mahabharatha based on Indian Astronomical Works, Archaeological Evidence for Dating Kurukshetra War, Dr. Shambhu Shastry (Franklin, USA) and Dr. Venkateswar Reddy (Sunnyvale, USA), Natural Cycles in the Solar System and the Chaturyuga Cycles, Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites, Reclaiming the chronology of Bharatam: Narahari Achar (July 2006). Solar can occur only at new moon. 3-4) which he erroneously interpreted as meaning that Yudhishthira commenced to reign 2526 years before the era of Salivahana, in 2428 B.C. One by one they fall on the way, and Yudhisthira alone reaches the gate of heaven. Obviously, this supposed movement was arrived at by the author not by actual observation, for such a movement is astronomically impossible, but by his deducing it from the other statement in the preceding verse that 1015 years had elapsed during this interval. If there is an omission , it is by oversight, and if brought to notice,Citation/Link will be provided, Presence Of Hinduism Around The World History Articles Links 1, Basic Hinduism Procedures 1 List of Links To Articles, Krishna Died Age 89 ? east of the River Sindhu. 1177-76 B.C. Krishna dies when a hunter, who mistakes him for a deer, shoots him in his one vulnerable spot—his foot—and the five brothers, along with Draupadi and a dog who joins them (Dharma, Yudhisththira’s father, in disguise), set out for Indra’s heaven. Brief introduction of Dr. S. Kalyanaraman and his lecture-Power-point presentation: The rebirth of River Sarasvati by using the waters of River Sutlej, River Beas and River Sharada (called Mahakali-Karnali in Nepal) is ongoing together with the development of the river basin as a world heritage basin. Areas for further were identified as: Thus, the use of modern tools of planetaria software and satellite image analyses will help in re-writing of bharatiya itihaasa and reinforce the historicity of the great epics as basic reference documents for itihaasa, in terms of both kaalaganana and geography. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. We will organize a team of young scholars to work with the Birla Planetarium, under the guidance of Dr. Ramasubramanian to make a presentation in the Planetarium demonstrating the inscriptions on the skies around circa 3000 BCE. It has not yet been proven that the Vikramasamvat era had been in use ever since 57 B.C. We have already referred to a shloka of the epic, which states that the winter solstice, which took place soon after the war, happened on the fifth day after new moon in the month of Magha. At present the winter solstice falls on the 21st of December. Surya Siddhanta [Ref 2], a document evolved from roughly same period, states that sun was 54 degrees away from vernal equinox when Kaliyuga started on a new moon day, corresponding to February 17/18, 3102 BCJ, at Ujjain (75deg47minE 23deg 15min N). The neolithic cultures which are evidenced by the recent finds of the Gulf of Khambat Cultural Complex blossomed from a maritime culture into a riverine culture and emerged from chalcolithic to bronze age and the consolidation of the cultural traditions which are present in almost every facet of the heritage cherished all over Bharat and exemplify the cultural unity of the country from Mt. It clearly suggests that eclipse started on the 13th day after the previous eclipse! Using this definition, it is possible to determine whether an eclipse pair occurred in 'Thirteen days'. We have a general idea of the advances made in computational software to go beyond 5000 years Before Present and also the limitations which have to be overcome to achieve greater reliability in computations by providing corrections, for example, for manda-gati ans s’i_ghra-gati of some planets and nakshatras. best of mothers, best of rivers and best of godesses. Thus, the Nandas reigned in all for 20+22+22 = 64 years, a figure more likely to be correct than the Puranic round figure of 100 years. 0000001011 00000 n Again, the Mausala Parva says that the Yadava race was destroyed 36 years after the war and the Pandavas left soon thereafter at the beginning of Kaliyuga. The known oldest version has nearly 90,000 to 100,000 poems dominantly with 32 syllables Anushtup chandas, in 18 chapters called Parva's [ref-4 and 5]. Very helpful article. The discovery of Vedic River Sarasvati is a historic event unparalleled in the history of human civilization. So is Mahabharata an account of the ancient history of Bharat. The poem is made up of almost 100,000 couplets—about seven times the length of the Iliad and the Odyssey combined—divided into 18 parvans, or sections, plus a supplement titled Harivamsha (“Genealogy of the God Hari”; i.e., of Vishnu).

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