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Kathedrale und Kirchen von Etschmiadsin und archäologische Stätte von Svartnots ist eine von der UNESCO gelistete Stätte des Weltkulturerbes in Armenien. A major earthquake struck the region in the 10th century CE which caused the collapse of the Cathedral of Zvartnots, amongst other buildings, and the Seljuk Turks raided the area in the mid-11th century CE. It officially bore the name Etchmiadzin between 1945 and 1995. [2] "The rich ensemble of sculpture on the exterior of the church is of more recent times. Three premises, now housing the monastery’s museum, were annexed to the eastern side of the cathedral in 1869 to keep these gifts in. "For them the ecclesiastical Echmiadzin belongs irrevocably to the past, and even if the monastery and the cathedral are occasionally the scene of impressive ceremonies including the election of a new catholicos, this has little importance from the communist point of view," wrote [100] In 1945 Catholicos [99] 1984, p. 594: "...Թեկղի և Պողոս (Էջմիածնի Մայր տաճարի հյուսիսային պատի վրա դրսից արված քանդակները)...". ), Dans un premier temps appelé Eglise de la Mère de Dieu, Il est une église Etchmiadzine, en Arménie.Il a été construit entre 301 et 303, datation qui en fait le lieu de culte chrétien le plus ancien dans le pays et à travers l'ancien Union soviétique. church rebuilt from the foundations C. 480. Web. Armenia, Asia Picture: Cathédrale d'Etchmiadzine - Check out Tripadvisor members' 958 candid photos and videos. plans (Strzygowski, Sahinyan, Harut'yunyan). The work has begun by Catholicos Movses (1629-32) with the repair of the Milan, 1914, 200-210.STRZYGOWSKI, J. Urartu arrows have been found in the temples of Zvartnots Cathedral and Ejmiatsin, and remnants of an ancient hearth of a heathen tabernacle — in the altar part of the latter. reports that Vahan Mamikonean, the Persian governor of Armenian (585-507) had the [82] On 13 April 1827, during the Russo-Persian War (1826–28), Etchmiadzin was captured by the Russian General Ivan Paskevich's troops without fight and was formally annexed by Russia, with the Persian-controlled parts of Armenia, roughly corresponding to the territory of the modern Republic of Armenia (also known as Eastern Armenia), according to the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay. [84], The Russian influence gradually penetrated into the region by the early 19th century. Soon thereafter, Vagharshapat was replaced as the political capital by Dvin in the 4th century CE. I remember a large, excited crowd arriving on pilgrimage at this very holy place. evidence of the form of the 4th century and the cathedral walls, piers, arches and According to the inscriptions of Catholicos Yakob (1655-1580), He also had erected a wall with eight towers around the monastery, new living The latter type occurs also at Milan (San Satiro). "[79] Douglas Freshfield wrote in 1869 that "convent and cathedral are within a large fortified enclosure" and claimed that it "has in its time resisted many attacks from the infidels. In G. Ovsepian's opinion, the presence of heads in the ornament implies that there existed in Armenia metal crucifixes which have not survived. and others. Sahinian, Zarian & Ghazarian 1978, pp. "[2] It was reportedly the only church in Soviet Armenia not to have been seized by the government. the exterior. Above the door which descends into the fire pit area is the lance ("Geghard") which is said to have pierced Christ's side. Written by James Blake Wiener, published on 08 June 2018 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. A tenth-century crucifix of Avutstar monastery is one of the oldest wooden bas-reliefs in Armenia to have come down to this day. [134] The cathedral complex has been called "Armenian Vatican"[135] or "Armenian Mecca"[136] as it is a major pilgrimage site for religious Armenians worldwide. Sion, 1950, 155.ARUTJUNJAN, V.M. "Mi k'ani Khosk' Ejmiatsni Mayr Tachari Veranorogut'ean Masin". Sahak (3870438) renovated it. Scientists' opinions as to the original appearance of Ejmiatsin cathedral vary. According to T. Toramanian's hypothesis, the cathedral had the shape of a basilica at the beginning of the fourth century and, after reconstruction at the end of the fifth century, its plan became rectangular, with a four-apse cross and rectangular corner annexes fitted into it. [2] Die einzelnen Schutzbreiche sind jeweils von Pufferzonen umgeben. reports on the renovations and repairs commissioned by Catholicos P'ilippos (1632-1655) [84], In 1868, Catholicos Gevorg (George) IV made the last major alteration to the cathedral by adding a [7], The cathedral prospered under Russian rule, despite the suspicions that the Imperial Russian government had about Etchmiadzin becoming a "possible center of the Armenian nationalist sentiment. From its foundation until the second half of the fifth century, Etchmiadzin was the seat of the Catholicos, the supreme head of the Armenian Church. [37], The renovation works were interrupted by the [7] In 1654, he started the construction of the belfry in the western wing of the Etchmiadzin Cathedral. "[63] The last known renovations until the 15th century were made by Catholicos Komitas in 618 (according to Sebeos) and Catholicos Nerses III (r. located in Vagharshapat, Soviet Armenia, 25 km. of the upper part of the church but excavations indicate that the supports were constructed [121], The early frescoes inside the cathedral were restored in the 18th century. Sahinian, Zarian & Ghazarian 1978, p. 72. Kathedrale und Kirchen von Etschmiadsin und archäologische Stätte von Svartnots wurde 2000 aufgrund eines Beschlusses der 24. [32], In 387, Armenia was partitioned between the Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire. Of special note are the reliefs on the northern wall of the cathedral, which depict Saint Paul the Apostle (c. 5-67? 1984, p. 572: "Այժմյան գմբեթը հետագա (հավանաբար XVII դար) վերակառուցման արգասիք է:". "[2][20] However, the name Etchmiadzin did not come into use until the 15th century,[4] while earlier sources call it "Cathedral of Vagharshapat" (Վաղարշապատի Կաթողիկե եկեղեցի Vağaršapati Kat'oğike ekeghetsi)[47][48] or simply Kat'oghike (Կաթողիկե, literally "Cathedral"). [58] Most[57] researchers have concluded that, thus, the church was converted into cruciform church and mostly took its current form. Cathédrale et les églises d’Etchmiadzine et le site archéologique de Zvarnotz. [124][125] In the 19th century, during an architectural revival that looked back to Armenia's past, the plan of the Etchmiadzin Cathedral began to be directly copied in new Armenian churches. It was built in 301-303 by Grigor Luysavorich (St. Gregory the Illuminator), the founder of the Armenian Gregorian church, next to the king's palace, in place of a destroyed heathen basilica. [106], In 2000 UNESCO added the Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the churches of St. Hripsime, St. Gayane, Shoghakat and the ruined Zvartnots Cathedral to the list of World Heritage Sites. We feature 60,300,000 royalty free photos, 343,000 stock footage clips, digital videos, vector clip art images, clipart pictures, background graphics, medical illustrations, and maps. The monumentality and laconicisrn of style make these miniatures akin to the murals and bas-reliefs of the Church of the Cross (915-921) on Haghtamar Island. He is a co-founder of Ancient History Encyclopedia and formerly was its Communications Director. Many scholars contend Etchmiadzin Cathedral is the oldest cathedral in Armenia, and it is widely believed that it is thus the oldest Christian cathedral in the world. The new cathedral was "in the form of a square enclosing a Greek cross and contains two chapels, one on either side of the east apse. north wing were erected by Catholicos Eliazar.Subsequent renovations include those by Catholicos Astuacatur in 1720, Catholicos google_ad_client = "pub-2707004110972434"; The original church was built in the early fourth century[32]—between 301 and 303 according to tradition—by Armenia's patron saint Gregory the Illuminator, following the adoption of Christianity as a state religion by King Tiridates III. [2], In 1903, the Russian government issued an edict to confiscate the properties of the Armenian Church, including the treasures of Etchmiadzin. with a golden hammer and to produce visions of a circular base of gold and a tall which a cupola and four projecting apses were added in the 5th century.The evidences for the 4th century date for the early cathedral include 4th-5th century The cathedral is also the central building of the. It replaced a preexisting temple, symbolizing the conversion from paganism to Christianity. [2] Naghash Hovnatan painted parts of the interior between 1712 and 1721. [93], After two years of independence, Armenia was Sovietized in early December 1920. It is a scenic place to visit. "[138] "Deprived of a political head and even a political capital the [Armenian] people have, for at least five hundred years, looked to Etchmiadzin as the home of their people, the centre to which they looked for guidance, unfailing sympathy, and practical aid," wrote Welsh journalist and politician W. Llewelyn Williams in his 1916 book about Armenia. Vienna, 1918, 247-249, Venice, 1900-1905. [4] Catholicos Ghukas (Lukas) continued the renovations in 1784–86. 1, The construction of Etchmiadzin Cathedral at Vagharshapat can be attributed to the life & work of. of the roof of the cathedral. [119], The northern wall of the cathedral contains two reliefs which depict Paul the Apostle and Saint Thecla[114] and a cross with all arms of equal length with Greek inscriptions. Armenien ist der älteste christliche Staat der Welt. The cathedral, built in 480, is located in a walled compound with gardens and various structures. St. Paul who are identified by name in Greek.The second relief consists of a slab with a cross in a medallion flanked by two doves. From Erevan (coord. "[37] According to Strzygowski, some examples of churches influenced by Etchmiadzin and Bagaran are the 9th-century church of Germigny-des-Prés in France (built by Odo of Metz, probably an Armenian) and San Satiro of Milan, Italy. During the pontificate of Mkrtic' Xrimean, much of the interior decoration The cathedral, part of the monastery of the same name, is surrounded by walls which enclose a series of structures. Die Kathedrale und die Kirchen von Etschmiadsin und die archäologischen Überreste in Swartnoz veranschaulichen anschaulich die Entstehung und Entwicklung der armenischen Kreuzkuppelkirche, die einen tiefgreifenden Einfluss auf die architektonische und künstlerische Entwicklung in der Region ausübte. Moscow, 1951, plan can be found at the 7th century church at Bagaran (A-2177).Two figured reliefs on the north wall date from the 5th century, early enough to have Some of the exhibits of Ejmiatsin monastery are put on display on the territory of the monastery’s yard. "[140] German naturalist and traveler Friedrich Parrot, who with the renown Armenian writer Khachatur Abovian conquered the summit of Mount Ararat in 1829 for the first time in history, called the cathedral the "palladium of the Armenians. The religious importance of Etchmiadzin slowly recovered during the Second World War. First because of its architectural beauty, but also because of how important it is in Armenian culture, especially their religious culture. Schools, refectories, a hostel, and other structures were built alongside the cathedral between the 17-19th centuries CE. vaults were repaired. 8-9, 60-69, No. was removed, some of it being preserved in Armenian museums.In 1921, the bell tower on the southern apse collapsed and was replaced by a conical [2], The wooden doors of the cathedral were carved in Tiflis in 1889. Dabei handelt es sich vorwiegend um Kreuzkuppelkirchen, meist in Form eines Tetrakonchos (Zentralbau mit vier Konchen). Rich gifts of church-plate and valuable works of applied art kept pouring into Ejmiatsin as the residence of the Catholicos. World Heritage Encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the World Public Library Association, a non-profit organization. In the vision, Jesus Christ showed the exact spot where the proposed structure should lie, striking the ground with a golden hammer in his hands. [51], According to Faustus of Byzantium, the cathedral and the city of Vagharshapat were almost completely destroyed during the invasion of Persian King Shapur II in the 360s[54] (circa 363). Successive bishops, over these two centuries, guaranteed the construction of further ecclesiastical buildings in close proximity to Etchmiadzin Cathedral, stimulating an epoch of Armenian cultural fluorescence. Paris, 1971, 67- 92, in 1888.The Etchmiadzin-Bagaran church type has been cited in connection with some medieval given in the vision of S. Gregory by Agathangelos whose History of the Armenians is "[141] Royal Navy Captain James Creagh highlighted its immense role for the Armenian people in his 1880 book, writing that "The monastery and cathedral of Echmiadzin may, without any exaggeration, be described as the heart of the Armenian nation. New York, 1970, 75, 102-104.KHATCHATRIAN, A. L'Architecture Armenienne du IV au VI Siecles. Cette cathédrale est unique ! google_ad_width = 160; 68. The building’s outward appearance. Resources >. [59] Eli Smith wrote in 1833: "The whole of the premises are surrounded by a high wall flanked with circular towers, and have externally the appearance of a fortress. 28 Sep 2020. Construction and restoration projects occured in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, returning some lustre to the old cathedral. Jahrhundert von der römischen Reichskirche getrennt hatten. Kathedrale und Kirchen von Etschmiadsin und archäologische Stätte von Swartnoz (2000) | Beirut, 1975, 28-31, 237-238.DER NERSESSIAN, S. Armenian Art. Grigoryan 1986, p. 77: "...չկան նույնիսկ նրա հիմնական չափագրությունները... Grigoryan 2012a, p. 30: "Ուրեմն, Հայաստանի առաջին Կաթողիկե հաստատությունն ու շինությունը Վաղարշապատի Մայր տաճարն է:", Harutiunian 1978, p. 66: "...հիմնում (301-303) Կաթողիկե եկեղեցի՝ Հայաստանի քրիստոնեական անդրանիկ Մայր տաճար Ս. Էջմիածինը...", Mnatsakanian 1987, p. 150: "Таким образом, первое церковное здание в стране было возведено именно в Аштишате, а не в Вагаршапате, как это иногда отмечается в литературе. August 2020 um 09:48 Uhr bearbeitet. enclose a series of structures. There are also medieval Xac'-K'ars mounted on bases, and other monuments "[37] Portions of the northern and eastern walls of the original building have survived. Among them, Suren Yeremian and Armen Khatchatrian held that the original church had been in the form of a rectangle with a dome supported by four pillars. Three other bases, columns, capitals and crosses were envisioned at the sites where This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Erevan, 1942-1948. Venice, 1890, 209-234.EP'RIKIAN, S. Bnashkharhik Baranan. right and left. [2] Russian policemen and soldiers entered and occupied the cathedral. Patma-Banasirakan Handes, No. between the arms of the cross, and another framing the base of the medallion on the column of fire with capital of cloud and cross of light. 2 Vols. Changes in temporal affairs have beaten against the walls of Etchmiadzin for sixteen centuries like little waves against a granite cliff. the church. [1][37] Based on these findings, Sahinian asserted that the original church had been a three-naved[51] vaulted basilica,[1] similar to the basilicas of Tekor, Ashtarak and Aparan (Kasakh). "Nor Nyut'er Ejmiacni Mayr Tachari Karuts'vats'k'i Veraperyal", Ejmiatsin, ruined, some facing stones had fallen, and the bases of the walls were damaged and Most of these articles date back to the 17th-19th centuries. "[37], In 2000[105] Etchmiadzin underwent a renovation prior to the celebrations of the 1700th anniversary of the Christianization of Armenia in 2001. 97-100.HAROUTHIOUNIAN, V.M. In the "Adoration of the Magi" gold, in combination with dense and vibrant tones, makes for utter expressiveness. [57] According to Ghazar Parpetsi, it was rebuilt from the foundations by marzban (governor) of Persian Armenia Vahan Mamikonian in 483/4,[58] when the country was relatively stable,[59] following the struggle for religious freedom against Persia. The Soviet Union and Armenia issued postage stamps depicting the cathedral in 1978 and 2009, respectively. Praeger Series Ancient Peoples and Places Vol. Of interest are the chairs of the 17th century Catholicoses decorated, besides mother-of-pearl and ivory incrustation, with a complicated geometrical and floral carving and wrought iron heads and paws of lions. Stone, Bronze, and Iron Age archaeological sites are located in or close around the city and cathedral. The end miniatures of the 6th-7th centuries, reflecting the influence of Hellenism. Despite the church leadership's grievance, it continued until the February Uprising when Etchmiadzin was briefly (until April) taken over by the nationalist Armenian Revolutionary Federation, which had dominated the pre-Soviet Armenian government between 1918 and 1920.